Update on the use of fluoride water in prevention of caries. Risks and benefits

Abstract

Introduction: Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay, is a widespread oral disease resulting from the interaction of bacteria with sugars and starches in the mouth. Fluoride, a naturally occurring mineral, plays a crucial role in preventing caries by enhancing the remineralization of tooth enamel and inhibiting bacterial growth. One effective public health intervention designed to reduce the incidence of caries is water fluoridation, which involves the controlled addition of fluoride to public water supplies. This initiative aims to reduce the prevalence of tooth decay and improve overall dental health across populations.

Objectives: This abstract aims to evaluate the effectiveness of fluoridated water in preventing caries, focusing on the mechanisms through which fluoride interacts with tooth enamel and oral microbiota to enhance dental health.

Methodology: A bibliographical review of biomedical literature was conducted through prominent databases and search engines such as PubMed and Medline. The research focused on studies related to water fluoridation, its effects on dental health, and its role in preventing caries across different populations.

Results and Discussion: The addition of fluoride to drinking water has proven to be an effective and equitable means of promoting dental health on a population level. Studies consistently show that fluoridated water significantly reduces the prevalence and severity of caries. Fluoride works by promoting the remineralization of tooth enamel, thereby increasing its resistance to acid attack from bacterial activity. Furthermore, fluoride inhibits the growth of cariogenic bacteria, reducing the overall risk of tooth decay.

However, it is crucial to monitor fluoride levels in the water supply to ensure that they remain within an optimal range. Overexposure to fluoride can lead to dental fluorosis, a condition that causes tooth discoloration and, in severe cases, enamel damage. Thus, careful regulation of fluoride levels is essential to maximize its benefits while minimizing potential risks.

Conclusion: Water fluoridation is a highly effective and cost-efficient method for preventing caries on a large scale. When fluoride concentrations are maintained within optimal levels, the intervention significantly reduces the incidence and severity of tooth decay. Public health efforts should continue to promote water fluoridation, while ensuring that fluoride levels are carefully monitored to prevent overexposure. In addition, ongoing public health campaigns to improve oral hygiene practices are essential for achieving comprehensive improvements in oral health across populations.